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be possessive about something

Толкование Перевод

1 possessive

adjective

1) (jealously retaining possession) besitzergreifend

be possessive about something — etwas eifersüchtig hüten

be possessive about or towards somebody — an jemanden Besitzansprüche stellen

2) (Ling.) possessiv

possessive adjective — Possessivadjektiv, das

possessive pronoun — Possessivpronomen, das

* * *

[-siv]

adjective

1) (showing that someone or something possesses an object etc: `Yours', `mine', `his', `hers', `theirs' are possessive pronouns; `your', `my', `his', `their' are possessive adjectives.) possessiv

2) (acting as though things and people are one's personal possessions: a possessive mother.) besitzgierig

* * *

pos·ses·sive

[pəˈzesɪv]

adj

1. (not sharing) eigen

he's a bit \possessive about his clothes was seine Kleidung angeht, ist er etwas eigen

2. (jealous) besitzergreifend

▪ to be \possessive towards [or about] sb:

he's very \possessive towards his wife was seine Frau angeht, ist er sehr besitzergreifend

3. LING (showing possession) besitzanzeigend, possessiv fachspr

the \possessive singular of a noun der Genitiv Singular eines Substantivs

* * *
[pə'zesɪv]
1. adj
(towards belongings) eigen; mother, boyfriend, love, manner etc besitzergreifend; streak besitzergreifend, habgierig
to be possessive about sth — seine Besitzansprüche auf etw (acc) betonen

to be possessive toward(s) sb — an jdn Besitzansprüche stellen

2. n
(GRAM: pronoun, adjective) Possessiv(um) nt
* * *

possessive [pəˈzesıv]

A adj (adv possessively)

1. Besitz…

2. besitzgierig:

possessive instinct Besitztrieb m, -streben n

3. besitzergreifend (Mutter):

possessive wife auch krankhaft eifersüchtige (Ehe)Frau;

possessive love selbstsüchtige oder tyrannische Liebe

4. LING possessiv:

possessive adjective Possessivadjektiv n;

possessive case → B b;

possessive pronoun → B a

B s LING

a) Possessiv(um) n, Possessivpronomen n, besitzanzeigendes Fürwort

b) Genitiv m, zweiter Fall

poss. abk

1. possession

2. LING possessive Poss.-…

3. possible mögl.

4. possibly viell.

* * *

adjective

1) (jealously retaining possession) besitzergreifend

be possessive about something — etwas eifersüchtig hüten

be possessive about or towards somebody — an jemanden Besitzansprüche stellen

2) (Ling.) possessiv

possessive adjective — Possessivadjektiv, das

possessive pronoun — Possessivpronomen, das

* * *

adj.

besitzanzeigend adj.

English-german dictionary > possessive
2 possessive

- siv

adjective

1) (showing that someone or something possesses an object etc: `Yours', `mine', `his', `hers', `theirs' are possessive pronouns; `your', `my', `his', `their' are possessive adjectives.) posesivo

2) (acting as though things and people are one's personal possessions: a possessive mother.) posesivo

possessive adj posesivo

possessive

tr[pə'zesɪv]

adjective

1 (person) posesivo,-a; (selfish) egoísta

2 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL posesivo,-a

noun

1 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL posesivo

possessive [pə'zɛsɪv] adj

1) : posesivo (en gramática)

2) jealous: posesivo, celoso

possessive n or possessive case : posesivo m

possessive

adj.

• dominante adj.

• posesivo, -a adj.

• tiránico, -a adj.

n.

• posesivo s.m.

pə'zesɪv
adjective

1) <father/mother> posesivo

he's very possessive about his toys — es muy egoísta con sus juguetes

2) ( Ling) posesivo

[pǝ'zesɪv]
1. ADJ

1) [person] posesivo; [love etc] dominante, tiránico

to be possessive about sth/towards sb — ser posesivo con algo/algn

2) (Ling) posesivo

2.

N (Ling) posesivo m

3.

CPD

possessive adjective N — adjetivo m posesivo

possessive pronoun N — pronombre m posesivo

* * *
[pə'zesɪv]
adjective

1) <father/mother> posesivo

he's very possessive about his toys — es muy egoísta con sus juguetes

2) ( Ling) posesivo

English-spanish dictionary > possessive
3 hers

[hɜːz]
pronome

my car is red but hers is blue — la mia auto è rossa ma la sua è blu

the green pen is hers — la penna verde è sua

which house is hers? — qual è la sua casa? quale casa è la sua?

I'm a friend of hers — sono un suo amico

it's not hers — non è (il) suo

the money wasn't hers to give away — non doveva dare via soldi non suoi

hers was not an easy task — il suo non era un compito facile
••
Note:

In Italian, possessive pronouns have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives, are usually preceded by an article, and reflect the gender and number of the noun they are standing for. So hers is translated by il suo, la sua, i suoi, le sue, according to what is being referred to: your book and hers = il tuo libro e il suo; the blue car is hers = la macchina blu è la sua; my children are younger than hers = i miei bambini sono più piccoli dei suoi; your shoes are brown, while hers are black = le tue scarpe sono marroni, mentre le sue sono nere. - Since Italian possessive adjectives, unlike English ones, may be preceded by an article, a demonstrative adjective or a numeral, an English possessive pronoun is often translated by an Italian possessive adjective: a cousin of hers = un suo cugino; that school friend of hers = quel suo compagno di scuola; four books of hers = quattro suoi libri. - For examples and particular usages, see the entry below

* * *

[hə:z]

pronoun (something which belongs to a female person or animal already spoken about: It's not your book - it's hers; Hers is on that shelf.) il suo, la sua, i suoi, le sue

* * *
[hɜːz]
pronome

my car is red but hers is blue — la mia auto è rossa ma la sua è blu

the green pen is hers — la penna verde è sua

which house is hers? — qual è la sua casa? quale casa è la sua?

I'm a friend of hers — sono un suo amico

it's not hers — non è (il) suo

the money wasn't hers to give away — non doveva dare via soldi non suoi

hers was not an easy task — il suo non era un compito facile
••
Note:

In Italian, possessive pronouns have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives, are usually preceded by an article, and reflect the gender and number of the noun they are standing for. So hers is translated by il suo, la sua, i suoi, le sue, according to what is being referred to: your book and hers = il tuo libro e il suo; the blue car is hers = la macchina blu è la sua; my children are younger than hers = i miei bambini sono più piccoli dei suoi; your shoes are brown, while hers are black = le tue scarpe sono marroni, mentre le sue sono nere. - Since Italian possessive adjectives, unlike English ones, may be preceded by an article, a demonstrative adjective or a numeral, an English possessive pronoun is often translated by an Italian possessive adjective: a cousin of hers = un suo cugino; that school friend of hers = quel suo compagno di scuola; four books of hers = quattro suoi libri. - For examples and particular usages, see the entry below

English-Italian dictionary > hers
4 κατά

κατά (Hom.+) prep. (s. the lit. s.v. ἀνά beg., also LfgrE s.v. κατά 1346; with the gen. 74 times in NT; w. acc. 391 times in NT).

A. w. the gen.

① marker of extension or orientation in space or specific area

ⓐ of location that is relatively lower, down from someth. (Hom. et al.; LXX; Ath. 1, 4 κ. κόρρης προπηλακίζειν=to smack on one side of the head) ὁρμᾶν κ. τοῦ κρημνοῦ rush down (from) the bank (cp. Polyb. 38, 16, 7 κ. τῶν κρημνῶν ῥίπτειν; Jos., Bell. 1, 313) Mt 8:32; Mk 5:13; Lk 8:33. κ. κεφαλῆς ἔχειν have someth. on one’s head (lit. hanging down fr. the head, as a veil. Cp. Plut., Mor. 200f ἐβάδιζε κ. τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔχων τὸ ἱμάτιον.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 499, 5 of a mummy ἔχων τάβλαν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου) 1 Cor 11:4.

ⓑ of position relatively deep, into someth. (Od. 9, 330 κ. σπείους ‘into the depths of the cave’; Hdt. 7, 235; X., An. 7, 1, 30) ἡ κ. βάθους πτωχεία extreme (lit. ‘reaching down into the depths’; cp. Strabo 9, 3, 5 [419] ἄντρον κοῖλον κ. βάθους) or abysmal poverty 2 Cor 8:2. This may perh. be the mng. of πλήσσειν τινὰ κ. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν strike someone deep into the eyes ApcPt 11:26 (cp. Demosth. 19, 197 ξαίνει κ. τοῦ νώτου; PPetr II, 18 [2b], 15 [246 B.C.] ἔτυπτεν αὐτὸν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου).—κ. γαστρός Just., D. 78, 3 for ἐν γαστρί Mt 1:18 (cp. Ath. 35, 2 τὸ κ. γαστρὸς ζῶον εἶναι).

ⓒ extension in various directions within an area, throughout (so in Luke’s writings; Polyb. 3, 19, 7 κ. τῆς νήσου διεσπάρησαν; PGiss 48, 8 κ. κυριακῆς γῆς; Jos., Ant. 8, 297; SibOr 3, 222; 4, 24; 5, 305) γνωστὸν γενέσθαι καθʼ ὅλης Ἰόππης become known throughout all Joppa Ac 9:42. καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας 9:31; 10:37; Lk 23:5. φήμη ἐξῆλθεν καθʼ ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου 4:14.

② down upon, toward, against someone or someth, fig. ext. of 1.

ⓐ w. verbs of swearing, to denote what one swears by (Thu. 5, 47, 8; Lysias 32, 13; Isaeus 7, 28; Demosth. 21, 119; 29, 26; SIG 526, 4ff; 685, 25; UPZ 110, 39 [164 B.C.]; BGU 248, 13; Jdth 1:12; Is 45:23; 2 Ch 36:13) by ἐξορκίζειν (q.v.) Mt 26:63. ὀμνύναι (q.v.) Hb 6:13, 16. ὁρκίζειν (q.v.) Hs 9, 10, 5. Sim. ἐρωτᾶν κ. τινος request, entreat by someone Hv 3, 2, 3.

ⓑ in a hostile sense, against

α. after verbs that express hostile action, etc. διχάζειν Mt 10:35. ἐπαίρεσθαι 2 Cor 10:5. ἰσχύειν Ac 19:16. κακοῦν 14:2. στρατεύεσθαι 1 Pt 2:11. φυσιοῦσθαι 1 Cor 4:6

β. after words and expressions that designate hostile speech, esp. an accusation ἔχειν (τι) κ. τινος have or hold someth. against someone Rv 2:4, 14, 20. φέρειν J 18:29. ἐγκαλεῖν Ro 8:33. ἐντυγχάνειν τινὶ κ. τινος 11:2 (TestJob 17:5). κατηγορεῖν Lk 23:14. ποιεῖν κρίσιν Jd 15a. τὸ κ. ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον the bond that stands against us Col 2:14. ἐμφανίζειν Ac 24:1; 25:2. αἰτεῖσθαί τι 25:3, 15. αἱ κ. τινος αἰτίαι vs. 27. εἰπεῖν πονηρόν Mt 5:11 (cp. Soph., Phil. 65 κακὰ λέγειν κ. τινος. X., Hell. 1, 5, 2; Isocr., C. Nic. 13; Plut., Mor. 2a λέγειν κ.; SIG 1180, 1 λέγειν κ. τινος; Just., A I, 23, 3; 49, 6 κ. τῶν … ὁμολογούντων). λαλεῖν ῥήματα Ac 6:13; cp. Jd 15b (TestDan 4:3; JosAs 23:15). μαρτυρεῖν κ. τ. θεοῦ give testimony in contradiction to God 1 Cor 15:15. ζητεῖν μαρτυρίαν κ. τινος testimony against someone Mk 14:55. ψευδομαρτυρεῖν 14:56f. ψευδομαρτυρία Mt 26:59. γογγύζειν 20:11. στενάζειν Js 5:9. διδάσκειν Ac 21:28. συμβούλιον διδόναι (ποιεῖν v.l.) Mk 3:6; ς. λαβεῖν Mt 27:1. ψεύδεσθαι Js 3:14 (Lysias 22, 7; X., Ap. 13; Ath. 35, 1 καθʼ ἡμῶν … κατεψεύσατο).

γ. after expressions that designate such a position or state of mind in a different way εἶναι κ. τινος be against someone (opp. ὑπέρ) Mk 9:40 (WNestle, ZNW 13, 1912, 84–87; AFridrichsen, ibid., 273–80); Ro 8:31; (opp. μετά) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23. δύνασθαί τι κ. τινος be able to do someth. against someone 2 Cor 13:8. ἔχειν τι κ. τινος have someth. against someone (in one’s heart) Mt 5:23; Mk 11:25; Hs 9, 24, 2; cp. ibid. 23, 2, where the acc. is to be supplied. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν J 19:11. ἐπιθυμεῖν Gal 5:17. μερίζεσθαι καθʼ ἑαυτῆς Mt 12:25. Cp. 1 Cl 39:4 (Job 4:18).—κατά prob. means against also in ἔβαλεν κατʼ αὐτῆς ἄνεμος Ac 27:14. ἐτελείωσαν κ. τ. κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα they completed the full measure of sins against their own head GPt 5:17.

B. w. acc. (so in the NT 399 times [besides καθʼ εἷς and κατὰ εἷς])

① marker of spatial aspect

ⓐ of extension in space, along, over, through, in, upon (Hom. et al.; OGI 90, 7 ἐκ τῶν κ. τ. χώραν ἱερῶν; PHib 82, 19; PTebt 5, 188; LXX; Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 5) Ac 24:12. καθʼ ὅλην τ. πόλιν throughout the city Lk 8:39 (cp. Diod S 4, 10, 6 καθʼ ὅλην τὴν Ἐλλάδα). ἐγένετο λιμὸς κ. τὴν χώραν ἐκείνην 15:14. κ. τὰς κώμας 9:6. κ. πόλεις καὶ κώμας 13:22 (Appian., Maced. 9 §1 and 4 κ. πόλεις; Just., A I, 67, 3 κ. πόλεις ἢ ἀγρούς).—κ. τόπους in place after place Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:11 (Theophr., περὶ σημ. 1, 4 p. 389 W.; Cat. Cod. Astr. III 28, 11 ἐν μέρει τ. ἀνατολῆς κ. τόπους, VIII/3, 186, 1 λιμὸς καὶ λοιμὸς καὶ σφαγαὶ κ. τόπους). οἱ ὄντες κ. τὴν Ἰουδαίαν those throughout Judea or living in Judea Ac 11:1. διασπαρῆναι κ. τὰς χώρας τῆς Ἰουδαίας be scattered over the regions of Judea 8:1. κ. τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν in the congregation there 13:1. τοῖς κ. τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν καὶ Συρίαν καὶ Κιλικίαν ἀδελφοῖς 15:23. τοὺς κ. τὰ ἔθνη Ἰουδαίους the Judeans (dispersed) throughout the nations 21:21. τοῖς κ. τὸν νόμον γεγραμμένοις throughout the law = in the law 24:14b. κ. τὴν ὁδόν along or on the way (Lucian, Catapl. 4; Jos., Ant. 8, 404) Lk 10:4; Ac 25:3; 26:13. τὸ κ. Κιλικίαν καὶ Παμφυλίαν πέλαγος the sea along the coast of Cilicia and Pamphylia 27:5; but the geographical designation τὰ μέρη τ. Λιβύης τῆς κ. Κυρήνην 2:10 prob. belongs to b: the parts of Libya toward Cyrene.

ⓑ of extension toward, toward, to, up to ἐλθεῖν (γίνεσθαι v.l.) κ. τὸν τόπον come up to the place (Jos., Vi. 283) Lk 10:32. ἐλθόντες κ. τὴν Μυσίαν to Mysia Ac 16:7; cp. 27:7. πορεύεσθαι κ. μεσημβρίαν (s. μεσημβρία 2) toward the south 8:26 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 505). κ. σκοπὸν διώκειν run (over the course) toward the goal Phil 3:14. λιμὴν βλέπων κ. λίβα καὶ κ. χῶρον a harbor open to the southwest and northwest Ac 27:12 (s. βλέπω 8).—κ. πρόσωπον to the face (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 205) Gal 2:11. ἔχειν τινὰ κ. πρόσωπον meet someone face to face (Thieme 19 has reff. for the use of κατὰ πρόσωπον as a legal formula) Ac 25:16. κ. πρόσωπον ταπεινός humble when personally present 2 Cor 10:1. κ. πρόσωπόν τινος in the presence of someone Lk 2:31; Ac 3:13. τὰ κ. πρόσωπον what lies before one’s eyes, i.e. is obvious 2 Cor 10:7. κ. ὀφθαλμοὺς προγράφειν portray before one’s eyes Gal 3:1.

ⓒ of isolation or separateness, by (Thu. 1, 138, 6 οἱ καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς Ἕλληνες ‘the Greeks by themselves’; Polyb. 1, 24, 4; 5, 78, 3; 11, 17, 6; Diod S 13, 72, 8; Gen 30:40; 43:32; 2 Macc 13:13; Philo, Migr. Abr. 87; 90; Just., D. 4, 5 αὐτὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν γενομένη; Tat. 13, 1 ἡ ψυχὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν; Ath. 15, 2 ὁ πηλὸς καθʼ ἑαυτόν) ἔχειν τι καθʼ ἑαυτόν keep someth. to oneself Ro 14:22 (cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 255; Heliod. 7, 16, 1). καθʼ ἑαυτὸν μένειν live by oneself of the private dwelling of Paul in Rome Ac 28:16. πίστις νεκρὰ καθʼ ἑαυτήν faith by itself is dead Js 2:17 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 3, 43 τὸ σῶμα καθʼ αὑτὸ νεκρόν ἐστιν). ἡ κατʼ οἶκον ἐκκλησία the congregation in the house Ro 16:5; 1 Cor 16:19. κατʼ ἰδίαν s. ἴδιος 5. κ. μόνας (Thu. 1, 32, 5; Menand., Epitr. 988 S. [658 Kö.], Fgm. 146 Kö. [158 Kock]; Polyb. 4, 15, 11; Diod S 4, 51, 16; BGU 813, 15 [s. APF 2, 1903, 97]; LXX) alone, by oneself Mk 4:10; Lk 9:18; Hm 11:8 (here, as well as BGU loc. cit. and LXX, written as one word καταμόνας).

ⓓ of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc., x by x (Arrian., Anab. 4, 21, 10 κ. σκηνήν=tent by tent) or from x to x: κατʼ οἶκον from house to house (PLond III, 904, 20 p. 125 [104 A.D.] ἡ κατʼ οἰκίαν ἀπογραφή) Ac 2:46b; 5:42 (both in ref. to various house assemblies or congregations; w. less probability NRSV ‘at home’); cp. 20:20. Likew. the pl. κ. τοὺς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος 8:3. κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19. κ. πόλιν (Jos., Ant. 6, 73) from city to city IRo 9:3, but in every (single) city Ac 15:21; 20:23; Tit 1:5. Also κ. πόλιν πᾶσαν (cp. Herodian 1, 14, 9) Ac 15:36; κ. πᾶσαν πόλιν 20:23 D. κ. πόλιν καὶ κώμην Lk 8:1; cp. vs. 4.

② marker of temporal aspect (Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, apolog.)

ⓐ in definite indications of time: at, on, during (Hdt. 8, 17; Polemon Soph. B 43 Reader κατʼ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν ‘in the course of that day’) κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beginning (cp. ἀρχή 1b) Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26). κ. τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ in the day of trial 3:8 (Ps 94:8.—Cp. Antig. Car. 173 κ. τὸν σπόρου καιρόν). νεκροῦ … ἀνάστασιν κατʼ αὐτὸν γεγονυῖαν ἱστορεῖ (Papias) reports that a resurrection from the dead occurred in his time Papias (2, 9; so, with personal names, Hdt.; Just., D. 23, 1 τοῦ θεοῦ … τοῦ κ. τὸν Ἐνώχ; Tat. 31, 2 Θεαγένης … κ. Καμβύσην γεγονώς). Of the future: κ. τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον at that time, then Ro 9:9 (Gen 18:10). Of the past: κ. ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρόν at that time, then (2 Macc 3:5; TestJos 12:1; Jos., Ant. 8, 266; cp. κατʼ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ καιροῦ Konon: 26 Fgm. 3 p. 191, 25 Jac.; Just., A I, 17, 2; 26, 3 al.) Ac 12:1; 19:23. κ. καιρόν at that time, then Ro 5:6 (Just., D. 132, 1; cp. OGI 90, 28 καθʼ ὸ̔ν καιρόν), unless καιρός here means the right time (s. καιρός 1b end). κατʼ ὄναρ (as καθʼ ὕπνον Gen 20:6; Just., D 60, 5 κ. τοὺς ὕπνους) during a dream, in a dream Mt 1:20; 2:12 (s. s.v. ὄναρ for ins).

ⓑ with indefinite indications of time: toward, about κ. τὸ μεσονύκτιον about midnight Ac 16:25; cp. 27:27.—8:26 (s. μεσημβρία 1).

ⓒ distributively (cp. 1d): x period by x period: κατʼ ἔτος every year (s. ἔτος) Lk 2:41. Also κατʼ ἐνιαυτόν (s. ἐνιαυτός 1) Hb 9:25; 10:1, 3. καθʼ ἡμέραν daily, every day (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Mt 26:55; Mk 14:49; Lk 16:19; 22:53; Ac 2:46f; 3:2; 16:5; 17:11; 19:9; 1 Cor 15:31; Hb 7:27; 10:11. Also τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Lk 11:3; 19:47; Ac 17:11 v.l. ἡ ἐπίστασις ἡ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἐπίστασις) 2 Cor 11:28. κ. πᾶσαν ἡμέραν every day (Jos., Ant. 6, 49) Ac 17:7. Also καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Hb 3:13. κ. μίαν σαββάτου on the first day of every week 1 Cor 16:2. κ. πᾶν σάββατον every Sabbath Ac 13:27; 15:21b; 18:4. κ. μῆνα ἕκαστον each month Rv 22:2 (κ. μῆνα as SIG 153, 65; POxy 275, 18; 2 Macc 6:7). κ. ἑορτήν at each festival Mt 27:15; Mk 15:6.

③ marker of division of a greater whole into individual parts, at a time, in detail, distributive use apart from indications of place (s. above 1d) and time (s. 2c)

ⓐ w. numerals: κ. δύο ἢ τὸ πλεῖστον τρεῖς two or, at the most, three at a time (i.e. in any one meeting, cp. ἀνὰ μέρος) 1 Cor 14:27 (Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 42 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς; Jos., Ant. 3, 142 κ. ἕξ; 5, 172 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς). καθʼ ἕνα (on this and the foll. s. εἷς 5e) singly, one after the other vs. 31. κ. ἕνα λίθον each individual stone Hs 9, 3, 5; καθʼ ἕνα λίθον 9, 6, 3. κ. ἓν ἕκαστον one by one, in detail Ac 21:19; 1 Cl 32:1 (Ath. 28, 4 καθʼ ἕκαστον). εἷς καθʼ εἷς Mk 14:19; J 8:9; cp. Ro 12:5 (B-D-F §305; Rob. 460). κ. ἑκατὸν καὶ κ. πεντήκοντα in hundreds and in fifties Mk 6:40.

ⓑ περί τινος λέγειν κ. μέρος speak of someth. in detail Hb 9:5 (s. μέρος 1c). κατʼ ὄνομα (each one) by name (ἀσπάζομαι … τοὺς ἐνοίκους πάντες κα[τʼ] ὄνομα PTebt [III A.D.] 422, 11–16; Jos., Vi. 86) J 10:3; 3J 15 (cp. BGU 27, 18); ISm 13:2.

④ marker of intention or goal, for the purpose of, for, to (Thu. 6, 31, 1 κ. θέαν ἥκειν=to look at something; cp. Sb 7263, 6 [254 B.C.]; X., An. 3, 5, 2 καθʼ ἁρπαγὴν ἐσκεδασμένοι; Arrian, Anab. 1, 17, 12; 4, 5, 1; 21, 9; 6, 17, 6; 26, 2; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 29; Anton. Lib., Fab. 24, 1 Δημήτηρ ἐπῄει γῆν ἅπασαν κ. ζήτησιν τῆς θυγατρός; 38; Jdth 11:19) κ. τὸν καθαρισμὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων for the Jewish ceremonial purification J 2:6. κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω to my shame 2 Cor 11:21 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 268 κ. τιμὴν τ. θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν). ἀπόστολος … κ. πίστιν … καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν an apostle … for the faith … and the knowledge Tit 1:1 (but the mng. ‘in accordance with’ is also prob.).

⑤ marker of norm of similarity or homogeneity, according to, in accordance with, in conformity with, according to

ⓐ to introduce the norm which governs someth.

α. the norm of the law, etc. (OGI 56, 33; Mitt-Wilck., I/2, 352, 11 κ. τὰ κελευσθέντα [as Just., D. 78, 7]; POxy 37 II, 8) κ. τὸν νόμον (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51; Just., D. 10, 1 al.; Ath. 31, 1; κ. τοὺς νόμους Ἀρεοπαγείτης, letter of MAurelius: ZPE 8, ’71, 169, ln. 27) Lk 2:22; J 18:31; 19:7; Hb 7:5. τὰ κ. τ. νόμον what is to be done according to the law Lk 2:39 (cp. EpArist 32). κ. τὸ ὡρισμένον in accordance w. what has been determined 22:22. Cp. 1:9; 2:24, 27, 42; Ac 17:2; 22:3. κ. τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου Ro 2:16; 16:25a; 2 Ti 2:8. κ. τὸ εἰρημένον Ro 4:18 (cp. Ath. 28, 1 κ. τὰ προειρημένα). κ. τὰς γραφάς (Just., D. 82, 4; cp. Paus. 6, 21, 10 κ. τὰ ἔπη=according to the epic poems; Just., A I, 32, 14 κ. τὸ λόγιον, D. 67, 1 κ. τὴν προφητείαν ταύτην) 1 Cor 15:3; cp. Js 2:8. κ. τὴν παράδοσιν Mk 7:5 (Tat. 39, 1 κ. τὴν Ἑλλήνων παράδοσιν).—κ. λόγον as one wishes (exx. in Dssm., B 209 [not in BS]; also PEleph 13, 1; 3 Macc 3:14) Ac 18:14 (though 5bβ below is also prob.).—It can also stand simply w. the acc. of the pers. according to whose will, pleasure, or manner someth. occurs κ. θεόν (cp. Socrat., Ep. 14, 5 κ. θεόν; 26, 2; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 1 Jac. and Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 84 §352 κ. δαίμονα; Jos., Ant. 4, 143 ὁ κ. τοῦτον[=θεόν] βίος; Just., D. 5, 1 κ. τινας … Πλατωνικούς; Tat. 1, 3 κ. … τὸν κωμικόν) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9–11; κ. Χριστὸν Ἰ. Ro 15:5. κ. κύριον 2 Cor 11:17. Cp. 1 Pt 1:15. κ. τ. Ἕλληνας in the manner of the Greeks, i.e. polytheists PtK 2, p. 14, 1; 7. κ. Ἰουδαίους ln. 25.

β. the norm according to which a judgment is rendered, or rewards or punishments are given ἀποδοῦναι τινι κ. τ. πρᾶξιν or ἔργα αὐτοῦ (Ps 61:13; Pr 24:12; Just., A I, 12, 1; 17, 4 al.; κατʼ ἀξίαν τῶν πράξεων) Mt 16:27; Ro 2:6; 2 Ti 4:14; Rv 2:23. μισθὸν λήμψεται κ. τ. ἴδιον κόπον 1 Cor 3:8. κρίνειν κ. τι J 7:24; 8:15; 1 Pt 1:17; cp. Ro 2:2.

γ. of a standard of any other kind κ. τ. χρόνον ὸ̔ν ἠκρίβωσεν in accordance w. the time which he had ascertained Mt 2:16. κ. τ. πίστιν ὑμῶν acc. to your faith 9:29. κ. τ. δύναμιν acc. to his capability 25:15 (Just., D. 139, 4; Tat. 12, 3; cp. Just., A II, 13, 6 κ. δύναμιν). Cp. Lk 1:38; 2:29; Ro 8:4; 10:2; Eph 4:7. ἀνὴρ κ. τ. καρδίαν μου Ac 13:22 (καρδία 1bε).

δ. Oft. the norm is at the same time the reason, so that in accordance with and because of are merged: οἱ κ. πρόθεσιν κλητοί Ro 8:28. κατʼ ἐπιταγὴν θεοῦ 16:26; 1 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Eph 3:3 (Just., D. 78, 2). οἱ καθʼ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ Ro 2:7. κατʼ ἐκλογήν 11:5 (Just., D. 49, 1). Cp. κ. τὴν βουλήν Eph 1:11 (Just., A I, 63, 16 al.); 2 Th 2:9; Hb 7:16. κ. τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what shall I know this? (cp. Gen 15:8) Lk 1:18.—Instead of ‘in accordance w.’ κ. can mean simply because of, as a result of, on the basis of (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 219 D.: κ. τοὺς νόμους; Jos., Ant. 1, 259; 278; Just., A I, 54, 1 κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τῶν φαύλων δαιμόνων; Ath. 7, 1 κ. συμπάθειαν τῆς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ πνοῆς; 32, 1 κ. χρησμόν). κ. πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any and every reason (αἰτία 1) Mt 19:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Gal 2:2. Cp. Ro 2:5; 1 Cor 12:8 (κ. τ. πνεῦμα = διὰ τοῦ πν.); Eph 1:5; 4:22b; Phil 4:11; 1 Ti 5:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; κ. ἀνάγκην Phlm 14 (Ar. 1, 2; 4, 2 al.; Just., A I, 30, 1; 61, 10; Ath. 24, 2); IPol 1:3. ὁ κ. τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς 1 Pt 1:3.—καθʼ ὅσον (Thu. 4, 18, 4) in so far as, inasmuch as Hb 3:3. καθʼ ὅσον …, κ. τοσοῦτο in so far as …, just so far (Lysias 31, 8; Galen, De Dignosc. Puls. 3, 2, VIII 892 K.) 7:20, 22.

ⓑ as a periphrasis to express equality, similarity, or example in accordance with, just as, similar(ly) to (TestJob 32:6 τίς γὰρ κ. σε ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τέκνων σου; Tat. 25, 1 κ. … τὸν Πρωτέα like Proteus; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 50: sheep are not burden-bearers κ. τοὺς ὄνους=as donkeys are).

α. κ. τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν μὴ ποιεῖτε do not do as they do Mt 23:3. κ. Ἰσαάκ just as Isaac Gal 4:28. κ. θεὸν κτισθείς Eph 4:24 (Synes., Prov. 2, 2 p. 118c κ. θεόν=just as a god). Cp. Col 3:10. κ. τὸν τύπον Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40; Mel., P. 58, 424 [νόμον v.l.]). Cp. 5:6 (Ps 109:4); 8:9 (Jer 38: 32); Js 3:9.—κ. τὰ αὐτά in (just) the same way (OGI 56, 66; PEleph 2, 6; 1 Macc 8:27; 12:2; Just., D. 1, 2; 3, 5; 113, 3) Lk 6:23, 26; 17:30; Dg 3:1. On the other hand, the sing. κ. τὸ αὐτό Ac 14:1 means together (marriage contract PEleph 1, 5 [IV B.C.] εἶναι ἡμᾶς κ. ταὐτό; 1 Km 11:11). καθʼ ὸ̔ν τρόπον just as (2 Macc 6:20; 4 Macc 14:17) Ac 15:11; 27:25. καθʼ ὅσον …, οὕτως (just) as …, so Hb 9:27. κ. πάντα τρόπον in every way (PSI 520, 16 [250 B.C.]; PCairZen 631, 2; 3 Macc 3:24) Ro 3:2. κ. μηδένα τρόπον (PMagd 14, 9 [221 B.C.]; PRein 7, 31; 3 Macc 4:13; 4 Macc 4:24; Just., D. 35, 7; s. Reader, Polemo 262) 2 Th 2:3. Cp. Johannessohn, Kasus, 1910, 82. κατά w. acc. serves in general

β. to indicate the nature, kind, peculiarity or characteristics of a thing (freq. as a periphrasis for the adv.; e.g. Antiochus of Syracuse [V B.C.]: 555 Fgm. 12 Jac. κ. μῖσος=out of hate, filled with hate) κατʼ ἐξουσίαν with authority or power Mk 1:27. κ. συγκυρίαν by chance Lk 10:31. κ. ἄγνοιαν without knowing Ac 3:17 (s. ἄγνοια 2a). κ. ἄνθρωπον 1 Cor 3:3 al. (s. Straub 15; Aeschyl., Th. 425; ἄνθρωπος 2b). κ. κράτος powerfully, Ac 19:20 (κράτος 1a). κ. λόγον reasonably, rightly (Pla.; Polyb. 1, 62, 4; 5; 5, 110, 10; Jos., Ant. 13, 195; PYale 42, 24 [12 Jan., 229 B.C.]) 18:14 (but s. above 5aα). λέγειν τι κ. συγγνώμην οὐ κατʼ ἐπιταγήν say someth. as a concession, not as a command 1 Cor 7:6; cp. 2 Cor 8:8. κ. τάξιν in (an) order(ly manner) 1 Cor 14:40 (τάξις 2). κατʼ ὀφθαλμοδουλίαν with eye-service Eph 6:6. μηδὲν κατʼ ἐριθείαν μηδὲ κ. κενοδοξίαν Phil 2:3. κ. ζῆλος zealously 3:6a, unless this pass. belongs under 6 below, in its entirety. κ. σάρκα on the physical plane Ro 8:12f; 2 Cor 1:17; also 5:16ab, if here κ. ς. belongs w. οἴδαμεν or ἐγνώκαμεν (as Bachmann, JWeiss, H-D Wendland, Sickenberger take it; s. 7a below). καθʼ ὑπερβολήν (PTebt 42, 5f [c. 114 B.C.] ἠδικημένος καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὸ, Ἁρμιύσιος; 4 Macc 3:18) beyond measure, beyond comparison Ro 7:13; 1 Cor 12:31; 2 Cor 4:17. καθʼ ὁμοιότητα (Aristot.; Gen 1:12; Philo, Fug. 51; Tat. 12, 4 κ. τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτῇ) in a similar manner Hb 4:15b. κ. μικρόν in brief B 1:5 (μικρός 1eγ).

⑥ denoting relationship to someth., with respect to, in relation to κ. σάρκα w. respect to the flesh, physically of human descent Ro 1:3; 4:1; 9:3, 5 (Ar. 15, 7 κ. σάρκα … κ. ψυχήν; Just., D. 43, 7 ἐν τῷ γένει τῷ κ. σάρκα τοῦ Ἀβραάμ al.). κ. τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 7:22 (cp. POxy 904, 6 πληγαῖς κατακοπτόμενον κ. τὸ σῶμα). Cp. Ro 1:4; 11:28; Phil 3:5, 6b (for vs. 6a s. 5bβ above); Hb 9:9b. τὰ κ. τινα (Hdt. 7, 148; Diod S 1, 10, 73; Aelian, VH 2, 20; PEleph 13, 3; POxy 120, 14; Tob 10:9; 1 Esdr 9:17; 2 Macc 3:40; 9:3 al.) someone’s case, circumstances Ac 24:22 (cp. PEleph 13, 3 τὰ κ. σε; Just., A I, 61, 13 τὰ κ. τὸν Ἰησοῦν πάντα, D. 102, 2 τὰ κ. αὐτόν; Ath. 24, 4 τὸ κ. τοὺς ἀγγέλους); 25:14; Eph 6:21; Phil 1:12; Col 4:7. κ. πάντα in all respects (since Thu. 4, 81, 3; Sb 4324, 3; 5761, 22; SIG 834, 7; Gen 24:1; Wsd 19:22; 2 Macc 1:17; 3 Macc 5:42; JosAs 1:7; Just., A II, 4, 4, D. 35, 8 al.); Ac 17:22; Col 3:20, 22a; Hb 2:17 (Artem. 1, 13 αὐτῷ ὅμοιον κ. π.); 4:15a.

⑦ Somet. the κατά phrase, which would sound cumbersome in the rendering ‘such-and-such’, ‘in line with’, or ‘in accordance with’, is best rendered as an adj., a possessive pron., or with a genitival construction to express the perspective from which something is perceived or to be understood. In translation it thus functions as

ⓐ an adj. (Synes., Kingdom 4 p. 4d τὰ κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἔργα i.e. the deeds that are commensurate with that which is exceptional = virtuous deeds; PHib 27, 42 ταῖς κ. σελήνην ἡμέραις; 4 Macc 5:18 κ. ἀλήθειαν=ἀληθής; Just., A I, 2, 1 τοὺς κ. ἀλήθειαν εὐσεβεῖς; Tat. 26, 2 τῆς κ. ἀλήθειαν σοφίας) οἱ κ. φύσιν κλάδοι the natural branches Ro 11:21. ἡ κατʼ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλία 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Tit 1:1b. οἱ κ. σάρκα κύριοι the earthly masters (in wordplay, anticipating the κύριος who is in the heavens, vs. 9) Eph 6:5. Cp. 2 Cor 5:16b, in case (s. 5bβ above) κ. ς. belongs w. Χριστόν (as the majority, incl. Ltzm., take it): a physical Christ, a Christ in the flesh, in his earthly relationships (σάρξ 5). Correspondingly in vs. 16a κ. ς. would be taken w. οὐδένα: no one simply as a physical being.—JMartyn, JKnox Festschr., ’67, 269–87.

ⓑ a possessive pron., but with limiting force (Demosth. 2, 27 τὰ καθʼ ὑμᾶς ἐλλείμματα [i.e. in contrast to the activities of others: ‘your own’]; Aelian, VH 2, 42 ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἀρετή; 3, 36; OGI 168, 17 παραγεγονότες εἰς τοὺς καθʼ ὑμᾶς τόπους; SIG 646, 6; 807, 15 al.; UPZ 20, 9 [II B.C.] ἐπὶ τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς λειτουργίας; PTebt 24, 64; 2 Macc 4:21; Tat. 42, 1 τίς ὁ θεὸς καὶ τίς ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ποίησις; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7 ἡ καθʼ ἡμᾶς φιλοσοφία) τῶν καθʼ ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν τινες some of your (own) poets Ac 17:28. ἡ καθʼ ὑμᾶς πίστις Eph 1:15. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς νόμος Ac 18:15. τὸ κατʼ ἐμὲ πρόθυμον my eagerness Ro 1:15.

ⓒ a gen. w. a noun (Polyb. 3, 113, 1 ἡ κ. τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατολή; 2, 48, 2; 3, 8, 1 al.; Diod S 14, 12 ἡ κ. τὸν τύραννον ὠμότης; Dionys. Hal. 2, 1; SIG 873, 5 τῆς κ. τ. μυστήρια τελετῆς; 569, 22; 783, 20; PTebt 5, 25; PLond III, 1164k, 20 p. 167 [212 A.D.] ὑπὸ τοῦ κ. πατέρα μου ἀνεψιοῦ) τὰ κ. Ἰουδαίους ἔθη the customs of the Judeans Ac 26:3 (Tat. 12, 5 τῇ κ. Βαβυλωνίους προγνωστικῇ; 34, 2 ἡ κ. τὸν Ἀριστόδημον πλαστική). Cp. 27:2. ἡ κ. πίστιν δικαιοσύνη the righteousness of faith Hb 11:7. ἡ κατʼ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις purpose of election Ro 9:11.—Here also belong the titles of the gospels εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ματθαῖον etc., where κατά is likew. periphrasis for a gen. (cp. JLydus, De Mag. 3, 46 p. 136, 10 Wünsch τῆς κ. Λουκανὸν συγγραφῆς; Herodian 2, 9, 4 of an autobiography ἐν τῷ καθʼ αὑτὸν βίῳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 18 τ. καθʼ αὐτὸν ἱστορίαν; 2 Macc 2:13. Cp. B-D-F §163; 224, 2; Zahn, Einleitung §49; BBacon, Why ‘According to Mt’? Exp., 8th ser., 16, 1920, 289–310).—On the periphrasis of the gen. by κατά s. Rudberg (ἀνά beg.) w. many exx. fr. Pla. on. But it occurs as early as Thu. 6, 16, 5 ἐν τῷ κατʼ αὐτοὺς βίῳ.—M-M. DELG. EDNT. TW.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > κατά
5 ὁ

ὁ, [full] ἡ, τό, is, when thus written,

A demonstr. Pronoun.

B in [dialect] Att., definite or prepositive Article.

C in [dialect] Ep., the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl., ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative ; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by A.D.Pron.8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς ) in [dialect] Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. A.D.Synt.51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not Cypr., cf. Inscr.Cypr.135.30H., nor Cret., cf.Leg.Gort. 5.28, nor Lesbian, cf. Alc.81, Sapph.Supp.5.1 ) and Hom. have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in Hom.): other Homeric forms are gen. sg. τοῖο, gen. and dat. dual τοῖιν Od.18.34
, al.: gen. pl. fem. τάων [pron. full] [ᾱ], dat. τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in Hom.— In [dialect] Dor. and all other dialects exc. [dialect] Att. and [dialect] Ion. the fem. forms preserve the old [pron. full] ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence [dialect] Dor. etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶς ; the gen. pl. τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶν ; the gen. sg. is in many places τῶ, acc. pl. τώς, but Cret., etc., τόνς (Leg.Gort.7.7, al.) or τός (ib.3.50, al.) ; in Lesbian [dialect] Aeol. the acc. pl. forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, IG12(2).645 A13, B62 ; dat. pl. τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, v. supr.), ib.645 A8, ib.1.6 ; ταῖσι as demonstr., Sapph. 16. The [dialect] Att. Poets also used the [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. forms τοῖσι, ταῖσι ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in lyr., as A.Pers. 584, Th. 295, 298 ; οἱ μέν.. τοὶ δ' S.Aj. 1404
(anap.) ; but even in a trimeter, A.Pers. 424. In [dialect] Att. the dual has usu. only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) And.1.113 sq. ; τὼ πόλεε Foed. ap. Th.5.23 ; τὼ ἡμέρα X.Cyr.1.2.11
; τὼ χεῖρε Id.Mem.2.3.18
; τοῖν χεροῖν Pl.Tht. 155e
; τοῖν γενεσέοιν Id.Phd. 71e
; τοῖν πολέοιν Isoc.4.75
(τά S.Ant. 769, Ar.Eq. 424, 484, ταῖν Lys.19.17
, Is.5.16, etc. have been corrected) ; in Arc. the form τοῖς functions as gen. dual fem., μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν Schwyzer664.8
(Orchom., iv B.C.):—in Elean and [dialect] Boeot. ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, = ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, nom.pl. masc. τυΐ the following men, Schwyzer485.14 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ, cf. Skt. demonstr. pron. sa, sā, Goth. sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Lat. acc. sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from Τόδ] cf. Skt. tat (tad), Lat. is-tud, Goth. pata: —with τοί cf. Skt. te, Lith. tĩe, OE. pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Skt. tāsām, Lat. is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (q. v.) is different.)

A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense: freq. also in Hdt. (1.86,5.35,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., A.Supp. 1047, etc.; in trimeters, Id.Th. 197, Ag.7, Eu. 174 ; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., Id.Supp. 358, S.OT 1082 ; seldom in [dialect] Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases, v. infr. VI, VII):

I joined with a Subst., to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, Il. 11.660; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with Appellat., Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.— thataged man, 7.324 ; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, 21.252, al. ; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, 20.181 ; οἴχετ' ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, 11.288, cf. 13.433, al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105
; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186
, cf. 703, al.:—different from this are cases like Il.1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships— I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, cf. 1.472, 4.20, 329, al.

II freq. without a Subst., he, she, it, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε Il.1.12
, al.

III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., Il.17.172 ; οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who.., Od.2.119, cf. Il.5.332 ; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν Od.21.43
, cf. 1.116, 10.74 :—for the [dialect] Att. usage v. infr.

IV before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, Il.6.407, cf. 11.608 ; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewh. it is merely the Art.

V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, v. infr. B. init.

VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a Subst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom., etc.: sts. in Opposition, where ὁ μέν prop. refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter ; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter,
ὁ δέ
the former, Pl.Prt. 359e
, Isoc.2.32,34: sts. in Partition, the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ' αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο Il.18.595
; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται Pl.R. 338d
, etc.: but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον Il.5.28
, cf. Od.12.73, etc.: so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ant. 22, etc. ; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ Pl.Phdr. 255c
; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg., ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος D.42.6
: sts. a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ' Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος.., Μάρις δὲ.. Il.16.317
-19, cf. 116 ; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. D.18.102
, cf. Pl.Grg. 501a, etc.

2 when a neg. accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ S.OC24
; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ' οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης Pl.R. 475b
; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ' οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ' οὔ Id.Cri. 47a
, etc.

3 ὁ μέν τις.., ὁ δέ τις.. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν.., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος X.Cyr.3.1.41
; νόμους.. τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς Pl.R. 339c
, cf. Phlb. 13c.

4 on τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., or τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., v. infr. VIII.4.

5 ὁ μέν is freq. used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ' ἐσκίδναντο.., Μυρμιδόνας δ' οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι Il.23.3
, cf. 24.722, Th.8.12, etc.: also folld. by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ' ἐκέλευε.., ἀλλ' ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον Od.7.304
; by ἄλλος δέ, Il.6.147, etc. ; τὸν μὲν.., ἕτερον δέ Ar.Av. 843
, etc. ; ὁ μέν.., ὃς δέ.. Thgn.205
(v.l. οὐδέ): less freq. ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ' ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) Il.22.157 ; σφραγῖδε.. χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν IG22.1388.45
, cf. μέν D.
III ; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής Pl.R. 369d
, cf. Tht. 181d.

6 ὁ δέ following μέν sts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ', ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει Il. 4.491
; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι Hdt.6.3
, cf. 1.66,6.9, 133,7.6 : rare in [dialect] Att. Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν Th.1.87
; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ' οὐ κατεῖχον X.An.4.2.6
: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, v. infr. 7 ; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. ὅ γε 11.

7 ὁ δέ is freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, Il.1.43, etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. ὅδε 111.3.

8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ' ὁ.. οὔθ' ὁ Il.15.417
; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς A.Supp. 439
; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς Pl.Lg. 701e
.

VII the following usages prevailed in [dialect] Att. Prose,

1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc. καὶ ὅς ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v. ὅς A.
II.I and cf. Skt. sas, alternat. form of sa) ; so, in acc., καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν Pl.Smp. 174a
, cf. X.Cyr.1.3.9, etc.; also in Hdt., καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61
, al.

2 ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ Pl.Lg. 721b
: but mostly in acc., καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν Lys.1.23
, cf. Pl.Lg. 784d ; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς D.21.141
, cf. 9.68 ; τὸ καὶ τό Id.18.243
; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, Arist.Rh. 1401a4, cf. 1413a22 ; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad, τὸν δ' ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν Thgn.398
, cf. Pi.P.5.55,7.20, al.; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν Id.O. 2.53
; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, Hp.Acut.46 ; cf. A. VI.8.

VIII abs. usages of single cases,

1 fem. dat. τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, Il.5.752, 858, al.: folld. by ᾗ, 13.52, etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ X.Ath.2.12
.

b with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, Il.10.531,11.149, 12.124 ; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ.. 15.46
; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες Hes.Sc. 210
:—only poet.

c of Manner,
τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν
in this way, thus, Od.8.510
.

d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ.., in one way.., in another.., or partly.., partly.., E.Or. 356, Pl.Smp. 211a, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ' ἧσσον Parm.8.48
.

e relat., where, by which way, only [dialect] Ep., as Il.12.118, Od.4.229.

2 neut. dat. τῷ, therefore, on this account, freq. in Hom., Il.1.418, 2.254, al. (v. infr.): also in Trag., A.Pr. 239, S.OT 510 (lyr.) ; in Prose, τῷ τοι.. Pl.Tht. 179d
, Sph. 230b.

b thus, so, Il.2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, esp. when εἰ precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, Od.1.239,3.224, 258,al., Theoc.29.11.—In Hom. the true form is prob. τῶ, as in cod. A, or τώ, cf. A.D.Adv.199.2.

3 neut. acc. τό, wherefore, Il.3.176, Od.8.332, al., S.Ph. 142(lyr.) ; also τὸ δέ abs., but the fact is.., Pl.Ap. 23a, Men. 97c, Phd. 109d, Tht. 157b, R. 340d, Lg. 967a ; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. 6), τὸ δ' ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ.. ἐπετήδευσαν Th.1.37
; τὸ δὲ.. ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται Id.2.89
; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, Nic.Dam.58J.

4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., partly.., partly.., or on the one hand.., on the other.., Th.7.36, etc., cf.Od.2.46 ; more freq. τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., Hdt.1.173, S.Tr. 534, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι.., τὰ δέ τι.. X.An.4.1.14
; τὸ μέν τι.., τὸ δέ τι.. Luc.Macr.14
; τὰ μέν.., τὸ δὲ πλέον.. Th.1.90
: sts. without τὸ μέν.. in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι Id.1.107
,7.48 : rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ.., τέλος δέ several times.. and finally, Hdt.3.85.

5 of Time, sts. that time, sts. this (present) time, συνμαχία κ' ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) SIG9.3 (Olympia, vi B.C.): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, [dialect] Ep. τοῖο, from that time, Il.1.493,15.601.

b πρὸ τοῦ, sts. written προτοῦ, before this, aforetime, Hdt.1.103, 122,5.55, A.Ag. 1204, Ar.Nu.5, etc.; ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ Th.1.32
, cf. A.Eu. 462 ; τὸ πρὸ τοῦ D.S.20.59
.

c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (lit. before this [day]), and to-day's, IG9(2).517.43 (Larissa, iii B.C.).

6 ἐν τοῖς is freq. used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, Hdt.7.137 ; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, Th.1.6, etc.; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος ( πρώτοις codd.) Pherecr.145.4 ; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, Aristid. Or.43(1).16, cf. 37(2).2: when used with fem. Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες the greatest number of ships, Th.3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (sc. ἡ στάσις) ib.82 : also with Advbs., ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα Id.8.90
, Pl.Cri. 52a, Plu.2.74e, 421d, 723e, Brut.6, 11,al., Paus.1.16.3, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα Th.7.71
; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν Plu.2.364c
: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον Aristid.Or.48(24).47
codd.; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ D.H.1.19
, cf. 66 ( ἐν ταῖς πάνυ f.l. 4.14,15).

B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced, v. supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in places like Il.1.167,7.412, 9.309, 12.289, Od.19.372 : also when joined to an Adj. to make it a Subst.,
αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον
the hindmost man, Il.11.178
; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80
; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59
; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325
; τῷ πρώτῳ.., τῷ δευτέρῳ.., etc., ib. 265sq. ; also in τῶν ἄλλων 2.674
, al.: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543
, al.; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720
; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583
; also τὸ τρίτον ib. 733 ; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6
,al.; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest, 23.454 ; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559
.—The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. [dialect] Att., whilst the demonstr. usage disappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.—Chief usages, esp. in [dialect] Att.

I not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron., τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην Ar.Ach.5
; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, And.1.61, etc. ; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, S.Ant. 190 ; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, Th.1.12; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας Pl.R. 372b
.

b omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, v. θεός 1.1, βασιλεύς III ; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, IG12.4.1, al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th. (3.70 ) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.; cf. Θράσυλος in Id.8.104, with ὁ Θ. ib. 105 ; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, E.Fr. 480 ; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis, like Lat. ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, S.OT 729, El.35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a pr. n. is different, v. A.I).

c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in SE183b7, PA642a28, al., but ὁ Σωκράτης when he means the Platonic Socrates, as Pol.1261a6, al.: so with other pr.nn., EN1145a21, 1146a21, al.

d for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., v. καί B.2.

2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει Il.3.109
; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης D.18.242
, etc.

b freq. with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως Th.3.45
, etc.

3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, v. γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.

4 with infs., which thereby become Substs., τὸ εἴργειν prevention, Pl.Grg. 505b ; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, S.Ant. 1348(anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and the inf., τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, Pl.Phd. 62b ; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, Hdt.1.86.

5 in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man ; τὸ λέγω the word λέγω ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', E.Hipp. 265(lyr.); τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, Pl.Men. 72e : and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα.. περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', Id.R. 431e ; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ' ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', X.Cyr. 5.1.21, cf. Pl.R. 327c, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς D.23.148
; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, Arist.Pol. 1283b11.

6 before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, Pl.Cra. 435a ; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) Id.Criti. 115b ; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν.. ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν Id.R. 469b
; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται Id.Prt. 320d
, cf. Hyp.Lyc.2 ; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις Arist.Metaph. 987a8
; τὸν ὃς ἔφη Lys.23.8
: hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art., τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, X.HG2.3.25, etc.

7 before Prons.,

a before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc., τὸν ἐμέ Pl.Tht. 166a
,Phlb. 20b ; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ ib. 59b ; τὸν αὑτόν Id.Phdr. 258a
; on ὁ αὐτός, v. αὐτός 111.

b before the interrog. Pron. (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, A.Pr. 251, Ar. Pax 696 ; also τὰ τί; because οἷα went before, ib. 693. Of τίς only the neut. is thus used (v.supr.): ποῖος is thus used not only in neut. pl., τὰ ποῖα; E.Ph. 707 ; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖος; ib. 1704 ; τῆς ποίας μερίδος; D.18.64 ; τοῖς ποίοις.. ; Arist.Ph. 227b1.

c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into a Subst.,
ὁ τοιοῦτος
that sort of person, X.Mem.4.2.21
, etc.; or subjoins it to a Subst. which already has an Art., τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην D.41.13
.

8 before ἅπας, Pi.N.1.69, Hdt.3.64, 7.153 (s.v.l.), S.OC 1224 (lyr.), D.18.231, etc.; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, Arist.Pol. 1287b8, 1288a19 : on its usage with ἕκαστος, v. sub voc.; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., v. ἄλλος 11.6, πολύς 11.3
, etc.

9 the Art. with the [comp] Comp. is rare, if ἤ follows, S.Ant. 313, OC 796.

II elliptic expressions:

1 before the gen. of a pr.<*>., to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (sc. υἱός) Th.4.104 ; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (sc. θυγάτηρ) E.Hel. 470 : also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, Lys.32.24, Alciphr.2.2.10 ; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M. the wife of S., Ar.Ec.46 ; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, X.An.1.2.15 ; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of A., Hp.Hum.20.

2 generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, Th.4.23,6.60 ; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, Id.4.83, cf. 6.89, etc.; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, Id.4.18 ; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, ib.55 ; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, E.Supp.78(lyr.); τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, S.Tr. 498(lyr.): hence with neut. of Possessive Pron., τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν, what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, S.Aj. 124, El. 251, etc.: and with gen. of 3 pers., τὸ τῆσδε E.Hipp.48
. But τό τινος is freq. also, a man's word or saying, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος Hdt.1.86
; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, Pl.Tht. 183e ; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, Ar.V. 1432, D.54.7, Theoc.2.76, Herod.5.52, Ev.Luc.2.49.

3 very freq. with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, Th.4.13 ; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, v. ἀμφί c.1.3, περί c.1.2 ; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, Th.1.59, al.; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, Id.7.70 ; τὰ ἀπ' Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, Id.8.48 ; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, Id.2.87, etc.

4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., v. μά IV.

5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (sc. ὁδόν) Pl.Ly. 203a ; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (sc. στολή, δέσις), v. θάνατος; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (sc. γνώμην), v. ἐμός 11.4 ; ἡ αὔριον (sc. ἡμέρα), v. αὔριον; ἡ Λυδιστί (sc. ἁρμονία) Arist.Pol. 1342b32, etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς Th.1.52
; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (sc. ἄνθρωποι), ib.9,10, etc. ; but τό stands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a Subst., as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο E.Ph. 266
, cf.[315] (lyr.); ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν Id.Or. 1412
(lyr.): rarely abs. in gen., ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, X.An.1.3.1 ; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν S.Aj. 731
.

C as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects ; both in nom. sg. masc. ὅ, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες Od.2.262
, cf. 1.300, al. ; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ' ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον E.Hipp. 526
(lyr.); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται Theoc.15.86
; ὃ ἐξορύξη he who banishes him, Schwyzer679.12,25 ([place name] Cyprus) ; and in the forms beginning with τ, esp. in Hom. (Od.4.160, al.), Hdt.1.7, al.: also in [dialect] Ion. Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι Archil.87.3
, cf. Semon.7.3, Anacr.86 (prob.), Herod.2.64, al.: freq. in Trag., τῆς S.OC 1258
, Tr. 381, 728, E.Alc. 883 (anap.); τῷ S.Ph.14
; τήν Id.OC 747
, Tr.47, El. 1144 ; τό Id.OT 1427 ; τῶν ib. 1379, Ant. 1086.—Never in Com. or [dialect] Att. Prose:—[dialect] Ep. gen. sg. τεῦ Il.18.192
(s.v.l.).

D CRASIS OF ARTICLE:

a [dialect] Att. ὁ, ἡ, τό, with [pron. full] ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθά; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντος; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([pron. full] ¯ ?ὁX?ὁX), [dialect] Ion. οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (v. ἕτερος), [dialect] Att. fem. ἡτέρα, dat. θητέρᾳ (v. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (freq. written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί= αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.

b other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., [dialect] Dor. ὡξ from ὁ ἐξ Theoc.1.65
, ὥλαφος from ὁ ἔλαφος ib. 135 ; [dialect] Ion. ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς- SIG57.45 (Milet., v B.C.) ; ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτή Heraclit.60
, etc.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὁ
6 Illnesses, aches and pains

Where does it hurt?

where does it hurt?

= où est-ce que ça vous fait mal? or (more formally) où avez-vous mal?

his leg hurts

= sa jambe lui fait mal

( Do not confuse faire mal à qn with the phrase faire du mal à qn, which means to harm sb.)

he has a pain in his leg

= il a mal à la jambe

Note that with avoir mal à French uses the definite article (la) with the part of the body, where English has a possessive (his), hence:

his head was aching

= il avait mal à la tête

English has other ways of expressing this idea, but avoir mal à fits them too:

he had toothache

= il avait mal aux dents

his ears hurt

= il avait mal aux oreilles

Accidents

she broke her leg

= elle s’est cassé la jambe

Elle s’est cassé la jambe means literally she broke to herself the leg ; because the se is an indirect object, the past participle cassé does not agree. This is true of all such constructions:

she sprained her ankle

= elle s’est foulé la cheville

they burned their hands

= ils se sont brûlé les mains

Chronic conditions

Note that the French often use fragile (weak) to express a chronic condition:

he has a weak heart

= il a le cœur fragile

he has kidney trouble

= il a les reins fragiles

he has a bad back

= il a le dos fragile

Being ill

Mostly French uses the definite article with the name of an illness:

to have flu

= avoir la grippe

to have measles

= avoir la rougeole

to have malaria

= avoir la malaria

This applies to most infectious diseases, including childhood illnesses. However, note the exceptions ending in -ite (e.g. une hépatite, une méningite) below.

When the illness affects a specific part of the body, French uses the indefinite article:

to have cancer

= avoir un cancer

to have cancer of the liver

= avoir un cancer du foie

to have pneumonia

= avoir une pneumonie

to have cirrhosis

= avoir une cirrhose

to have a stomach ulcer

= avoir un ulcère à l’estomac

Most words in -ite ( English -itis) work like this:

to have bronchitis

= avoir une bronchite

to have hepatitis

= avoir une hépatite

When the illness is a generalized condition, French tends to use du, de l’, de la or des:

to have rheumatism

= avoir des rhumatismes

to have emphysema

= avoir de l’emphysème

to have asthma

= avoir de l’asthme

to have arthritis

= avoir de l’arthrite

One exception here is:

to have hay fever

= avoir le rhume des foins

When there is an adjective for such conditions, this is often preferred in French:

to have asthma

= être asthmatique

to have epilepsy

= être épileptique

Such adjectives can be used as nouns to denote the person with the illness, e.g. un/une asthmatique and un/une épileptique etc.

French has other specific words for people with certain illnesses:

someone with cancer

= un cancéreux/une cancéreuse

If in doubt check in the dictionary.

English with is translated by qui a or qui ont, and this is always safe:

someone with malaria

= quelqu’un qui a la malaria

people with Aids

= les gens qui ont le Sida

Falling ill

The above guidelines about the use of the definite and indefinite articles in French hold good for talking about the onset of illnesses.

French has no general equivalent of to get. However, where English can use catch, French can use attraper:

to catch mumps

= attraper les oreillons

to catch malaria

= attraper la malaria

to catch bronchitis

= attraper une bronchite

to catch a cold

= attraper un rhume

Similarly where English uses contract, French uses contracter:

to contract Aids

= contracter le Sida

to contract pneumonia

= contracter une pneumonie

to contract hepatitis

= contracter une hépatite

For attacks of chronic illnesses, French uses faire une crise de:

to have a bout of malaria

= faire une crise de malaria

to have an asthma attack

= faire une crise d’asthme

to have an epileptic fit

= faire une crise d’épilepsie

Treatment

to be treated for polio

= se faire soigner contre la polio

to take something for hay fever

= prendre quelque chose contre le rhume des foins

he’s taking something for his cough

= il prend quelque chose contre la toux

to prescribe something for a cough

= prescrire un médicament contre la toux

malaria tablets

= des cachets contre la malaria

to have a cholera vaccination

= se faire vacciner contre le choléra

to be vaccinated against smallpox

= se faire vacciner contre la variole

to be immunized against smallpox

= se faire immuniser contre la variole

to have a tetanus injection

= se faire vacciner contre le tétanos

to give sb a tetanus injection

= vacciner qn contre le tétanos

to be operated on for cancer

= être opéré d’un cancer

to operate on sb for appendicitis

= opérer qn de l’appendicite

Big English-French dictionary > Illnesses, aches and pains
7 hers

predicative possessive pronoun

ihrer/ihre/ihres; der/die/das ihre od. ihrige (geh.)

the book is hers — das Buch gehört ihr

some friends of hers — ein paar Freunde von ihr

those children of hers — ihre Gören (ugs.)

hers is a difficult job — sie hat einen schwierigen Job (ugs.)

* * *

[hə:z]

pronoun (something which belongs to a female person or animal already spoken about: It's not your book - it's hers; Hers is on that shelf.) ihre(-r/-s)

* * *

hers

[hɜ:z, AM hɜ:rz]

pron pers

1. (of person) ihrer/ihre/ihrs [o geh ihres]

is that bag \hers? gehört ihr die Tasche da?

the choice is \hers sie hat die Wahl

\hers is not an envious position sie ist in keiner beneidenswerten Lage

it's a habit of \hers es ist eine ihrer Gewohnheiten

a friend of \hers ein Freund von ihr

2. (of animal, thing) ihrer/ihre/ihrs [o geh ihres] /seiner/seine/seins [o geh seines]

* * *
[hɜːz]
poss pron
ihre(r, s)
hers (on towels etc) — sie

See:

→ also academic.ru/47007/mine">mine

* * *

hers [hɜːz; US hɜrz] poss pr ihr, der (die, das) ihr(ig)e (prädikativ und substantivisch gebraucht), (auf Handtüchern etc) sie:

this house is hers das ist ihr Haus, dieses Haus gehört ihr;

a friend of hers ein(e) Freund(in) von ihr;

my mother and hers meine und ihre Mutter

* * *

predicative possessive pronoun

ihrer/ihre/ihres; der/die/das ihre od. ihrige (geh.)

the book is hers — das Buch gehört ihr

some friends of hers — ein paar Freunde von ihr

those children of hers — ihre Gören (ugs.)

hers is a difficult job — sie hat einen schwierigen Job (ugs.)

* * *

adj.

ihr adj.

ihrer adj.

English-german dictionary > hers
8 mine

I 1. noun
1) (for coal) Bergwerk, das; (for metal, diamonds, etc.) Bergwerk, das; Mine, die

go or work down the mine — unter Tage arbeiten

2) (fig.): (abundant source) unerschöpfliche Quelle

he is a mine of useful facts/of information — von ihm kann man eine Menge Nützliches/eine Menge erfahren

3) (explosive device) Mine, die
2. transitive verb
1) schürfen [Gold]; abbauen, fördern [Erz, Kohle, Schiefer]

mine an area for ore — etc. in einem Gebiet Erz usw. abbauen od. fördern

2) (Mil.): (lay mines in) verminen
3. intransitive verb
Bergbau betreiben

mine for — see 2. 1)
II possessive pronoun
1) pred. meiner/meine/mein[e]s; der/die/das meinige (geh.)

you do your best and I'll do mine — du tust dein Bestes und ich auch

those big feet of mine — meine großen Quanten (ugs.); see also academic.ru/34614/hers">hers

2) attrib. (arch./poet.) mein

* * *
I pronoun
(something which belongs to me: Are these pencils yours or mine? He is a friend of mine (= one of my friends).) mein/-e
II 1. noun
1) (a place (usually underground) from which metals, coal, salt etc are dug: a coalmine; My father worked in the mines.) die Mine

2) (a type of bomb used underwater or placed just beneath the surface of the ground: The ship has been blown up by a mine.) die Mine
2. verb
1) (to dig (for metals etc) in a mine: Coal is mined near here.) schürfen

2) (to place explosive mines in: They've mined the mouth of the river.) verminen

3) (to blow up with mines: His ship was mined.) (durch Minen)sprengen

•

- miner
- mining
- minefield
* * *

mine¹

[maɪn]

pron

1. poss meine/meiner/meins [o geh meines]

you go your way and I'll go \mine du gehst deinen Weg und ich den meinen [o veraltend meinigen] geh

an old friend of \mine eine alte Freundin von mir

victory is \mine der Sieg gehört mir

2. det ( old: my) mein/meine

mine²

[maɪn]

I. n

1. (excavation) Bergwerk nt; ( fig: valuable source) Fundgrube f

a diamond/copper \mine eine Diamanten-/Kupfermine

a coal \mine eine Kohlengrube, Kohlenzeche

to work in [or down] the \mines unter Tage arbeiten

2. MIL (explosive) Mine f

to clear an area of \mines ein Minenfeld räumen

to plant [or lay] \mines Minen legen

II. vt

1. (obtain resources)

to \mine coal/iron/diamonds Kohle/Eisen/Diamanten abbauen [o fördern]

to \mine gold Gold schürfen

2. (plant mines)

to \mine an area ein Gebiet verminen

3.

▶ to \mine a rich seam [or vein] of sth sich dat etw zunutze machen

III. vi

to \mine for coal/diamonds/silver/gold nach Kohle/Diamanten/Silber/Gold graben

* * *
I [maɪn]
1. poss pron
meine(r, s)
this car is mine — das ist MEIN Auto, dieses Auto gehört mir

is this mine? — gehört das mir?, ist das meine(r, s)?

his friends and mine — seine und meine Freunde

a friend of mine —

will you be mine? (old) — willst du die Meine werden? (old)

mine is a rather different job — meine Arbeit ist ziemlich anders

no advice of mine could... — keiner meiner Ratschläge konnte...

expression of mine — einer meiner Lieblingsausdrücke

2. adj (obs)
mein(e) II
1. n

1) (MIN) Bergwerk nt; (= gold mine, silver mine) Bergwerk nt, Mine f; (= coal mine) Zeche f, Bergwerk nt

to work down the mines — unter Tage arbeiten

2) (MIL, NAUT ETC) Mine f

to lay mines — Minen legen

3) (fig)

the book is a mine of information — das Buch ist eine wahre Fundgrube

he is a mine of information — er ist ein wandelndes Lexikon (inf)

he's a mine of information about history — er besitzt ein schier unerschöpfliches Geschichtswissen

2. vt

1) coal, metal fördern, abbauen; area Bergbau betreiben or Bodenschätze abbauen in (+dat)

2) (MIL, NAUT) channel, road verminen; (= blow up) (mit einer Mine) sprengen

3. vi
Bergbau betreiben
to mine for sth — nach etw graben

they mined deep down into the mountain — sie trieben einen Stollen bis tief in den Berg hinein

* * *

mine¹ [maın] poss pr meiner (meine, meines), der (die, das) meinige oder meine:

this hat is mine das ist mein Hut, dieser Hut gehört mir;

a friend of mine ein Freund von mir;

his father and mine sein und mein Vater

mine² [maın]

A v/i

1. minieren

2. mine for → B 1

3. sich eingraben (Tiere)

B v/t

1. Erz, Kohle etc abbauen, fördern, Gold schürfen

2. graben in (dat):

mine an area for ore in einem Gebiet Erz abbauen oder fördern

3. SCHIFF, MIL

a) verminen

b) durch Minen oder eine Mine zerstören

4. fig untergraben, unterminieren

5. ausgraben

C s

1. Mine f, Bergwerk n, Zeche f, Grube f

2. SCHIFF, MIL Mine f:

spring a mine eine Mine springen lassen (a. fig)

3. fig Fundgrube f (of an dat):

he’s a mine of information er ist eine gute oder reiche Informationsquelle

4. BIOL Mine f, Fraßgang m

* * *
I 1. noun
1) (for coal) Bergwerk, das; (for metal, diamonds, etc.) Bergwerk, das; Mine, die

go or work down the mine — unter Tage arbeiten

2) (fig.): (abundant source) unerschöpfliche Quelle

he is a mine of useful facts/of information — von ihm kann man eine Menge Nützliches/eine Menge erfahren

3) (explosive device) Mine, die
2. transitive verb
1) schürfen [Gold]; abbauen, fördern [Erz, Kohle, Schiefer]

mine an area for ore — etc. in einem Gebiet Erz usw. abbauen od. fördern

2) (Mil.): (lay mines in) verminen
3. intransitive verb
Bergbau betreiben

mine for — see 2. 1)
II possessive pronoun
1) pred. meiner/meine/mein[e]s; der/die/das meinige (geh.)

you do your best and I'll do mine — du tust dein Bestes und ich auch

those big feet of mine — meine großen Quanten (ugs.); see also hers

2) attrib. (arch./poet.) mein

* * *

adj.

mein adj.

meiner adj. n.

Bergwerk -e n.

English-german dictionary > mine
9 BE

be [bi:]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. link verb

2. auxiliary verb

3. modal verb

4. intransitive verb

5. impersonal verb

6. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► pres am, is, are, pret was, were, ptp been

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. link verb

   a. être

• the sky is blue le ciel est bleu

• who is that? -- it's me! qui est-ce ? -- c'est moi !

• she's English elle est anglaise

• they are friendly ils sont sympathiques

• if I were you I would refuse si j'étais vous, je refuserais

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► The following translations use ce + être because they contain an article or possessive in French.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• she is an Englishwoman c'est une Anglaise

• they are my best friends ce sont mes meilleurs amis

• it's the most expensive c'est le plus cher

   b. (with occupation) être

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► No article is used in French, unless the noun is qualified by an adjective.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he wants to be a doctor il veut être médecin

• she's a well-known lawyer c'est une avocate renommée

   c. (referring to health) aller

• how are you? comment allez-vous ?

• I'm better now je vais mieux maintenant

   d. ( = cost) coûter

• how much is it? combien ça coûte ?

   e. ( = equal) faire

• two and two are four deux et deux font quatre

   f.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note how the verb avoir is used when translating to be + certain adjectives.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• to be cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/ashamed/right/wrong avoir froid/chaud/faim/soif/honte/raison/tort

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note how French makes the person, not the part of the body, the subject of the sentence in the following.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• my feet are cold j'ai froid aux pieds

• my hands are frozen j'ai les mains gelées

   g. (with age) avoir

• how old is he? quel âge a-t-il ?

• he's 25 il a 25 ans

• she's about my age elle a à peu près mon âge

2. auxiliary verb

   a. (in continuous tenses)

► to be + -ing

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► French does not distinguish between simple and continuous actions as much as English does.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I'm coming! j'arrive !

• she's always complaining elle est toujours en train de se plaindre

• what have you been doing this week? qu'est-ce que tu as fait cette semaine ?

• will you be seeing her tomorrow? est-ce que vous allez la voir demain ?

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► être en train de + infinitive emphasizes that one is in the middle of the action.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I haven't got time, I'm cooking the dinner je n'ai pas le temps, je suis en train de préparer le repas

• I was just writing to him when he phoned j'étais en train de lui écrire quand il m'a appelé

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► The imperfect tense is used for continuous action in the past.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he was driving too fast il conduisait trop vite

► have/had been +... for/since

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► French uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I've been waiting for you for an hour je t'attends depuis une heure

• I've been waiting for you since six o'clock je t'attends depuis six heures

• I'd been at university for six weeks when my father got ill j'étais à l'université depuis six semaines quand mon père est tombé malade

   b. (in tag questions seeking confirmation) n'est-ce pas ?

• he's a friend of yours, isn't he? c'est un ami à toi, n'est-ce pas ?

• she wasn't happy, was she? elle n'était pas heureuse, n'est-ce pas ?

• so it's all done, is it? tout est fait, alors ?

• you're not ill, are you? tu n'es pas malade j'espère ?

   c. (in tag responses) they're getting married -- oh are they? ils vont se marier -- ah bon ?

• he's going to complain about you -- oh is he? il va porter plainte contre toi -- ah vraiment ?

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When answering questions, oui or non may be used alone.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he's always late, isn't he? -- yes, he is il est toujours en retard, n'est-ce pas ? -- oui

• is it what you expected? -- no it isn't est-ce que tu t'attendais à ça ? -- non

   d. (in passives) être

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► The past participle in French passive constructions agrees with the subject.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he was killed il a été tué

• she was killed elle a été tuée

• both goals were scored in the second half les deux buts ont été marqués à la deuxième mi-temps

• the cars were set on fire les voitures ont été incendiées

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► The passive is used less in French than in English. It is often expressed by on + active verb.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• the door was shut in his face on lui a fermé la porte au nez

• it is said that... on dit que...

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► The reflexive can be used to describe how something is usually done.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• peaches are sold by the kilo les pêches se vendent au kilo

3. modal verb

► am/are/is to + infinitive

   a. ( = will)

the talks are to start tomorrow les négociations doivent commencer demain

• now the old lady has died, her house is to be sold maintenant que la vieille dame est décédée, sa maison va être mise en vente

   b. ( = must) you are to follow these instructions exactly tu dois suivre ces instructions scrupuleusement

• you are not to touch that tu ne dois pas y toucher

• this door is not to be opened cette porte ne doit pas être ouverte

   c. ( = should) he is to be pitied il est à plaindre

• not to be confused with... à ne pas confondre avec...

   d. ( = be destined to) this was to have serious repercussions cela devait avoir de graves répercussions

• they were never to return ils ne devaient jamais revenir

   e. ( = can) these birds are to be found all over the world on trouve ces oiseaux dans le monde entier

4. intransitive verb

   a. être ; ( = take place) avoir lieu

• to be or not to be être ou ne pas être

• he is there at the moment, but he won't be there much longer il est là en ce moment mais il ne va pas rester très longtemps

• the match is tomorrow le match a lieu demain

• Christmas Day is on a Wednesday this year Noël tombe un mercredi cette année

► there is/are ( = there exist(s)) il y a

• there is a mouse in the room il y a une souris dans la pièce

• there are pigeons on the roof il y a des pigeons sur le toit

• I thought there would be problems je pensais qu'il y aurait des problèmes

• there are three of us nous sommes trois► there's (pointing out sth) voilà

• there's the church voilà l'église► here is/are voici

• here's your key voici ta clé

• here are the tickets voici les billets

• here you are at last! te voilà enfin !

• here you are! ( = take this) tiens (or tenez) !

   b. ► to have been (to a place)

I have already been to Paris je suis déjà allé à Paris

• I have been to see my aunt je suis allé voir ma tante

• he has been and gone il est venu et reparti

• where have you been? où étais-tu passé ?

5. impersonal verb

   a. (weather, temperature) faire

• it's fine/cold/dark il fait beau/froid/nuit

• it's 20 degrees in the shade il fait 20 degrés à l'ombre

• it's windy/foggy il y a du vent/du brouillard

   b. (time) être

• it's morning c'est le matin

• it's 6 o'clock il est 6 heures

• tomorrow is Friday demain c'est vendredi

• it is 14 June today nous sommes le 14 juin

   c. (emphatic) it's me who does all the work c'est moi qui fais tout le travail

• it was then we realized that... c'est alors que nous nous sommes rendu compte que...

• it was they who suggested that... ce sont eux qui ont suggéré que...

• why is it that she is so popular? pourquoi a-t-elle tant de succès ?

6. compounds

► the be-all and end-all noun le but suprême

* * *

noun: abrév bill of exchange

English-French dictionary > BE
10 be

be [bi:]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. link verb

2. auxiliary verb

3. modal verb

4. intransitive verb

5. impersonal verb

6. compounds

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► pres am, is, are, pret was, were, ptp been

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1. link verb

   a. être

• the sky is blue le ciel est bleu

• who is that? -- it's me! qui est-ce ? -- c'est moi !

• she's English elle est anglaise

• they are friendly ils sont sympathiques

• if I were you I would refuse si j'étais vous, je refuserais

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► The following translations use ce + être because they contain an article or possessive in French.

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• she is an Englishwoman c'est une Anglaise

• they are my best friends ce sont mes meilleurs amis

• it's the most expensive c'est le plus cher

   b. (with occupation) être

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► No article is used in French, unless the noun is qualified by an adjective.

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• he wants to be a doctor il veut être médecin

• she's a well-known lawyer c'est une avocate renommée

   c. (referring to health) aller

• how are you? comment allez-vous ?

• I'm better now je vais mieux maintenant

   d. ( = cost) coûter

• how much is it? combien ça coûte ?

   e. ( = equal) faire

• two and two are four deux et deux font quatre

   f.

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► Note how the verb avoir is used when translating to be + certain adjectives.

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• to be cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/ashamed/right/wrong avoir froid/chaud/faim/soif/honte/raison/tort

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► Note how French makes the person, not the part of the body, the subject of the sentence in the following.

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• my feet are cold j'ai froid aux pieds

• my hands are frozen j'ai les mains gelées

   g. (with age) avoir

• how old is he? quel âge a-t-il ?

• he's 25 il a 25 ans

• she's about my age elle a à peu près mon âge

2. auxiliary verb

   a. (in continuous tenses)

► to be + -ing

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► French does not distinguish between simple and continuous actions as much as English does.

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• I'm coming! j'arrive !

• she's always complaining elle est toujours en train de se plaindre

• what have you been doing this week? qu'est-ce que tu as fait cette semaine ?

• will you be seeing her tomorrow? est-ce que vous allez la voir demain ?

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► être en train de + infinitive emphasizes that one is in the middle of the action.

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• I haven't got time, I'm cooking the dinner je n'ai pas le temps, je suis en train de préparer le repas

• I was just writing to him when he phoned j'étais en train de lui écrire quand il m'a appelé

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► The imperfect tense is used for continuous action in the past.

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• he was driving too fast il conduisait trop vite

► have/had been +... for/since

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► French uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.

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• I've been waiting for you for an hour je t'attends depuis une heure

• I've been waiting for you since six o'clock je t'attends depuis six heures

• I'd been at university for six weeks when my father got ill j'étais à l'université depuis six semaines quand mon père est tombé malade

   b. (in tag questions seeking confirmation) n'est-ce pas ?

• he's a friend of yours, isn't he? c'est un ami à toi, n'est-ce pas ?

• she wasn't happy, was she? elle n'était pas heureuse, n'est-ce pas ?

• so it's all done, is it? tout est fait, alors ?

• you're not ill, are you? tu n'es pas malade j'espère ?

   c. (in tag responses) they're getting married -- oh are they? ils vont se marier -- ah bon ?

• he's going to complain about you -- oh is he? il va porter plainte contre toi -- ah vraiment ?

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► When answering questions, oui or non may be used alone.

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• he's always late, isn't he? -- yes, he is il est toujours en retard, n'est-ce pas ? -- oui

• is it what you expected? -- no it isn't est-ce que tu t'attendais à ça ? -- non

   d. (in passives) être

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► The past participle in French passive constructions agrees with the subject.

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• he was killed il a été tué

• she was killed elle a été tuée

• both goals were scored in the second half les deux buts ont été marqués à la deuxième mi-temps

• the cars were set on fire les voitures ont été incendiées

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► The passive is used less in French than in English. It is often expressed by on + active verb.

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• the door was shut in his face on lui a fermé la porte au nez

• it is said that... on dit que...

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► The reflexive can be used to describe how something is usually done.

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• peaches are sold by the kilo les pêches se vendent au kilo

3. modal verb

► am/are/is to + infinitive

   a. ( = will)

the talks are to start tomorrow les négociations doivent commencer demain

• now the old lady has died, her house is to be sold maintenant que la vieille dame est décédée, sa maison va être mise en vente

   b. ( = must) you are to follow these instructions exactly tu dois suivre ces instructions scrupuleusement

• you are not to touch that tu ne dois pas y toucher

• this door is not to be opened cette porte ne doit pas être ouverte

   c. ( = should) he is to be pitied il est à plaindre

• not to be confused with... à ne pas confondre avec...

   d. ( = be destined to) this was to have serious repercussions cela devait avoir de graves répercussions

• they were never to return ils ne devaient jamais revenir

   e. ( = can) these birds are to be found all over the world on trouve ces oiseaux dans le monde entier

4. intransitive verb

   a. être ; ( = take place) avoir lieu

• to be or not to be être ou ne pas être

• he is there at the moment, but he won't be there much longer il est là en ce moment mais il ne va pas rester très longtemps

• the match is tomorrow le match a lieu demain

• Christmas Day is on a Wednesday this year Noël tombe un mercredi cette année

► there is/are ( = there exist(s)) il y a

• there is a mouse in the room il y a une souris dans la pièce

• there are pigeons on the roof il y a des pigeons sur le toit

• I thought there would be problems je pensais qu'il y aurait des problèmes

• there are three of us nous sommes trois► there's (pointing out sth) voilà

• there's the church voilà l'église► here is/are voici

• here's your key voici ta clé

• here are the tickets voici les billets

• here you are at last! te voilà enfin !

• here you are! ( = take this) tiens (or tenez) !

   b. ► to have been (to a place)

I have already been to Paris je suis déjà allé à Paris

• I have been to see my aunt je suis allé voir ma tante

• he has been and gone il est venu et reparti

• where have you been? où étais-tu passé ?

5. impersonal verb

   a. (weather, temperature) faire

• it's fine/cold/dark il fait beau/froid/nuit

• it's 20 degrees in the shade il fait 20 degrés à l'ombre

• it's windy/foggy il y a du vent/du brouillard

   b. (time) être

• it's morning c'est le matin

• it's 6 o'clock il est 6 heures

• tomorrow is Friday demain c'est vendredi

• it is 14 June today nous sommes le 14 juin

   c. (emphatic) it's me who does all the work c'est moi qui fais tout le travail

• it was then we realized that... c'est alors que nous nous sommes rendu compte que...

• it was they who suggested that... ce sont eux qui ont suggéré que...

• why is it that she is so popular? pourquoi a-t-elle tant de succès ?

6. compounds

► the be-all and end-all noun le but suprême

* * *
[biː, bɪ]
intransitive verb (p prés being; 3^e pers sg prés is, prét was, pp been)

1) gen être

it's me —

it's I — c'est moi

he's a good pupil — c'est un bon élève

2) ( in probability)

if Henri were here — si Henri était là

were it not that... — si ce n'était que...

were they to know — s'ils savaient

if I were you — à ta place

had it not been for Frank, I'd have missed the train — sans Frank j'aurais raté le train

3) ( phrases)

so be it — d'accord

be that as it may — quoi qu'il en soit

as it were — pour ainsi dire

even if it were so — même si c'était le cas

I preferred it as it was — je l'aimais mieux avant

leave it as it is — ne changez rien

let ou leave him be — laisse-le tranquille

English-French dictionary > be
11 hers

[hə:z]

pronoun (something which belongs to a female person or animal already spoken about: It's not your book - it's hers; Hers is on that shelf.)

* * *

[hə:z] possessive pron seu, sua, seus, suas, dela. it is hers / é dela. a friend of hers / um amigo dela.

English-Portuguese dictionary > hers

См. также в других словарях:

possessive — pos|ses|sive1 [pəˈzesıv] adj 1.) wanting someone to have feelings of love or friendship for you and no one else possessive of/about ▪ She was terribly possessive of our eldest son. 2.) unwilling to let other people use something you own… … Dictionary of contemporary English
possessive — [[t]pəze̱sɪv[/t]] possessives 1) ADJ GRADED: oft ADJ about/of n Someone who is possessive about another person wants all that person s love and attention. Danny could be very jealous and possessive about me... He used to ring his possessive… … English dictionary
possessive — 1 adjective 1 wanting someone to have feelings of love or friendship only for you: Men are very protective and sometimes possessive towards their daughters. 2 unwilling to let other people use something you own (+ about): He s so possessive about … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Something Positive — logo, Mr. Personality. Author(s) R. K. Milholland Website http:/ … Wikipedia
Possessive determiners — ◊ GRAMMAR Possessive determiners show who or what something belongs to or is connected with. The possessive determiners are: You choose a possessive determiner according to the identity of the person or thing who has the thing you are talking… … Useful english dictionary
possessive determiners — ◊ GRAMMAR Possessive determiners show who or what something belongs to or is connected with. The possessive determiners are: You choose a possessive determiner according to the identity of the person or thing who has the thing you are talking… … Useful english dictionary
Possessive adjective — Examples Do you like my new dress? Please wash your hands. Her train leaves in an hour. English grammar series English grammar Contraction … Wikipedia
Possession and other relationships — This entry explains how to show that something belongs to or is related to something else. There are six basic ways of doing this: • using a possessive determiner such as my or their in front of the main noun • adding apostrophe s ( s) to the end … Useful english dictionary
possession and other relationships — This entry explains how to show that something belongs to or is related to something else. There are six basic ways of doing this: • using a possessive determiner such as my or their in front of the main noun • adding apostrophe s ( s) to the end … Useful english dictionary
Slovene pronouns — Substantival Pronoun= Substantival pronouns can replace a noun in a sentence; this is, as opposed to, say, an adjective or an adverb.Personal PronounA personal pronoun denotes the speaker ( I ), the addressee ( you ) or a third person ( it ).… … Wikipedia
List of commonly misused English words — This is a list of English words which are commonly misused. It is meant to include only words whose misuse is deprecated by most usage writers, editors, and other professional linguists of Standard English. It is possible that some of the… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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be possessive about something

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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be possessive about something

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